BuckleScript: A JavaScript backend for OCaml focused on smooth integration and clean generated code.

Documentation

Please see the documentation site.

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md.

How BuckleScript Works

BuckleScript leverages the existing OCaml compiler and toolchain to produce JavaScript that closely resembles the original OCaml. This has several immediate advantages:

• name mangling is avoided
• stack traces are preserved
• OCaml modules are mapped to JavaScript modules
• OCaml optimizations (e.g., constant folding, DCE, TCO) are reusable
• OCaml attributes allow fine control over generated JavaScript

These points make the integration of JavaScript with OCaml very clean and smooth. In this way, BuckleScript provides all the benefits of OCaml's excellent compiler and sophisticated type system alongside the rich cross-platform JavaScript ecosystem.

BuckleScript Examples

Basic examples of using BuckleScript are provided below. More extensive examples are available at https://github.com/bucklescript/bucklescript-addons.

An HTTP Server

This example creates a simple http server. The complete code is available here.

The attribute [@bs] used in the example below is one of the OCaml attributes mentioned earlier. When BuckleScript generates code, it may use either a curried (OCaml) or uncurried (JavaScript) calling convention depending on how the code gets optimized. The [@bs] attribute can be used to decorate functions and call-sites so that generated code is guaranteed to use the uncurried style. This guarantee eases integration with existing JavaScript code and avoids unnecessary overhead.

Input:

let port = 3000
let hostname = "127.0.0.1"
let create_server http =
  let server = http##createServer begin fun [@bs] req resp ->
      resp##statusCode #= 200;
      resp##setHeader "Content-Type" "text/plain";
      resp##_end "Hello world\n"
    end
  in
  server##listen port hostname begin fun [@bs] () ->
    Js.log ("Server running at http://"^ hostname ^ ":" ^ Pervasives.string_of_int port ^ "/")
  end

let () = create_server Http_types.http

Output:

'use strict';
var Pervasives = require("bs-platform/lib/js/pervasives");
var Http       = require("http");

var hostname = "127.0.0.1";

function create_server(http) {
  var server = http.createServer(function (_, resp) {
    resp.statusCode = 200;
    resp.setHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain");
    return resp.end("Hello world\n");
  });
  return server.listen(3000, hostname, function () {
    console.log("Server running at http://" + (hostname + (":" + (Pervasives.string_of_int(3000) + "/"))));
    return /* () */0;
  });
}

create_server(Http);

Immutable Data Structures

This example demonstrates the use of immutable data structures. The OCaml code uses the BuckleScript compiled OCaml standard library. The JavaScript code, given as a point of comparison, uses the Facebook immutable library.

This comparison is somewhat contrived but nevertheless the BuckleScript compiled version has several nice characteristics:

Execution Time:

• BuckleScript: 1186ms
• JavaScript: 3415ms

Compiled Size:

• BuckleScript (production): 899 Bytes
• JavaScript: 55.3K Bytes

BuckleScript (OCaml stdlib)

module IntMap = Map.Make(struct
  type t = int
  let compare (x : int) y = compare x y
end)

let test () =
  let m = ref IntMap.empty in
  let count = 1000000 in
  for i = 0 to count do
    m := IntMap.add i i !m
  done;
  for i = 0 to count do
    ignore (IntMap.find i !m)
  done

let () = test()

Javascript (facebook immutable)

'use strict';

var Immutable = require('immutable');
var Map = Immutable.Map;
var m = new Map();

function test() {
  var count = 1000000;
  for(var i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
    m = m.set(i, i);
  }
  for(var j = 0; j < count; ++j) {
    m.get(j);
  }
}

test();

Acknowledgements

• Thanks to the OCaml team, obviously, without such a beautiful yet practical language, this backend would not exist
• Thanks to ninja-build, BuckleScript also comes with a blazing fast build tool on top of it, ninja is a truly well engineered scalable build tool
• Thanks to Bloomberg! This project began at Bloomberg and was published in 2016; without the support of Bloomberg, it would not have happened. Now that the project has grown and developed its own community, it has moved to its own GitHub organization.

Licensing

See COPYING and COPYING.LESSER

The ocaml directory contains the official OCaml compiler (version 4.02.3). Refer to its copyright and license notices for information about its licensing.

The ninja-build directory contains the official ninja-build (version 1.7.2). Refer to its copyright and license notices for information about its licensing.

BuckleScript builds on parts of js_of_ocaml:

• jscomp/core/js_dump.ml (pretty printer)
• jscomp/runtime

BuckleScript builds on parts of OCaml:

• jscomp/core/lam_pass_exits.ml
• jscomp/core/lam_pass_lets_dce.ml

These modules were adapted from ocaml/bytecomp/simplif.ml for JavaScript specific optimization purposes.

• jscomp/core/js_main.ml

jscomp/core/js_main.ml is adapted from ocaml/driver/main.ml. It is not actively used but demonstrates that it is easy to assemble a whole compiler using the OCaml compiler libraries. It also shows how to add more compilation flags to a JS backend.

• jscomp/stdlib

jscomp/stdlib is copied from ocaml/stdlib. It is compiled to JavaScript and included with BuckleScript.

• jscomp/test

jscomp/test is based on ocaml/testsuite.

BuckleScript unittest builds on parts of OUnit

• jscomp/ounit is adapted from ounit, the unit test utilities are only used for dev purpose, they are not required for distribution