The Quint specification language

Quint is a modern specification language that is a particularly good fit for distributed systems, such as blockchain protocols, distributed databases, and p2p protocols. Quint combines the robust theoretical basis of the Temporal Logic of Actions (TLA) with state-of-the-art type checking and development tooling.

Example code in Quint

Here is a small specification for a bank:

module bank {
  /// A state variable to store the balance of each account
  var balances: str -> int

  pure val ADDRESSES = Set("alice", "bob", "charlie")

  action deposit(account, amount) = {
    // Increment balance of account by amount
    balances' = balances.setBy(account, curr => curr + amount)
  }

  action withdraw(account, amount) = {
    // Decrement balance of account by amount
    balances' = balances.setBy(account, curr => curr - amount)
  }

  action init = {
    // At the initial state, all balances are zero
    balances' = ADDRESSES.mapBy(_ => 0)
  }

  action step = {
    // Non-deterministically pick an address and an amount
    nondet account = ADDRESSES.oneOf()
    nondet amount = 1.to(100).oneOf()
    // Non-deterministically choose to either deposit or withdraw
    any {
      deposit(account, amount),
      withdraw(account, amount),
    }
  }

  /// An invariant stating that all accounts should have a non-negative balance
  val no_negatives = ADDRESSES.forall(addr => balances.get(addr) >= 0)
}

This design lacks some important checks, and we can use the Quint CLI to find a violation to the no_negatives property, which ideally should hold:

$ quint run bank.qnt --invariant=no_negatives

And the result is a violation where address "alice" has balance -79 in the second state.

An example execution:

[State 0] { balances: Map("alice" -> 0, "bob" -> 0, "charlie" -> 0) }

[State 1] { balances: Map("alice" -> -79, "bob" -> 0, "charlie" -> 0) }

[violation] Found an issue (45ms).
Use --seed=0x1112de300ce425 to reproduce.
Use --verbosity=3 to show executions.
error: Invariant violated

Check the Getting Started guide to see how we can fix this problem and formally verify the result.

Features

Motivation

Quint is inspired by TLA+ (the language) but provides an alternative surface syntax for specifying systems in TLA (the logic). The most important feature of our syntax is that it is minimal and regular, making Quint an easy target for advanced developer tooling and static analysis (see our design principles and previews of the tooling).

The syntax also aims to be familiar to engineers:

• At the lexical level, it borrows many principles from C-like languages.
• At the syntax level, it follows many principles found in functional languages.
• At the semantic level, Quint extends the standard programming paradigm with non-determinism and temporal formulas, which allow concise specification of protocol environments such as networks, faults, and time.

Thanks to its foundation in TLA and its alignment with TLA+, Quint comes with formal semantics built-in.

Quint:

type Status = Working | Prepared | Committed | Aborted

const ResourceManagers: Set[str]
var statuses: str -> Status

action init = {
  statuses' = ResourceManagers.mapBy(_ => Working)
}

val canCommit: bool = ResourceManagers.forall(rm => statuses.get(rm).in(Set(Prepared, Committed)))
val notCommitted: bool = ResourceManagers.forall(rm => statuses.get(rm) != Committed)

action prepare(rm) = all {
  statuses.get(rm) == Working,
  statuses' = statuses.set(rm, Prepared)
}

TLA+:

CONSTANT ResourceManagers
VARIABLE statuses

TCTypeOK == statuses \in [ResourceManagers -> {"working", "prepared", "committed", "aborted"}]

TCInit == statuses = [rm \in ResourceManagers |-> "working"]

canCommit == \A rm \in ResourceManagers : statuses[rm] \in {"prepared", "committed"}

notCommitted == \A rm \in ResourceManagers : statuses[rm] # "committed"

Prepare(rm) == /\ statuses[rm] = "working"
               /\ statuses' = [statuses EXCEPT ![rm] = "prepared"]

To learn more about Quint's motivation and design philosophy, watch this 15 minute presentation, delivered at Gateway to Cosmos in 2023.

Community

• Join the chat in the Telegram group or in the Zulip stream
• Join the Quint discussions on GitHub
• Contribute your spell to the collection of Quint spells
• Contribute to the development of Quint
• Join or co-design meetings: We hold fortnightly meetings with users and those interested in contributing to the design and development of Quint. Contact us if you would like an invitation.

Documentation

View the Quint documentation.

We aspire to have great, comprehensive documentation. At present, we have a good start, but still far to go. Please try what we have available and share with us any needs we have not yet been able to meet.

On "Quint"

Quint is short for 'quintessence', from alchemy, which refers to the fifth element. A lot of alchemy is about transmutation and energy, and Quint makes it possible to transmute specifications into executable assets and empower ideas to become referenced artifacts.

Acknowledgments

Quint has been designed and developed by the Apalache team: Gabriela Moreira, Igor Konnov, Jure Kukovec, Shon Feder, and Thomas Pani. :heart:

Thanks for notable contributions goes to Romain Ruetschi, Philip Offtermatt, Ivan Gavran, and, Ranadeep Biswas.

Quint is developed at Informal Systems.

Supported by the Vienna Business Agency.