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Prior research on the ultrasonic detection of incipient crack growth in concrete has been concerned with the evaluation of techniques and instrumentation and has made no effort to explain the mechanism of crack growth as the nucleation of new microcracks and for the propagation of existing microcracks. The study in this paper demonstrates that the time sequence of crack opening during dynamic loading is controlled by an inverse-square law of spacing. The long-range spacing of microcracks is followed by a short-range transition to crack branching that depends on the orientation of the polarized electric field. The branching occurs in the direction in which the electric field is larger. For a higher rate of dynamic loading, the distribution of microcracks in the specimens becomes stationary after a few cycles. Calcium hydroxide formation in the matrix around an initial crack can help explain the mechanism of crack nucleation. The reverse of crack initiation, that is, the initiation of a crack by the fracture of another crack, is explained as a 'bursting' process whereby a microcrack is initiated in the interior of a large crack and then suddenly grows to burst the large crack.


 Prestressed concrete technology, including various casting methods (expansion, ordinary, and vibration casting), accelerates the bridge construction process, but concerns exist regarding the development of cracks during curing, form removal, detensioning, transport, installation, and operation. 


 where xi is the random variable of the current study (in mm), such that c,i is the crack width generated under the no-corrosion condition (non-corrosive crack) for each of the n random samples; the subscript d,i can assume four distinct values [48] such that d1=xi, d2=xi/3, d3=xi/3 and d4=2xi/3. 84d34552a1