micromark-extension-gfm-footnote
v2.1.0
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micromark extension to support GFM footnotes
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micromark-extension-gfm-footnote
micromark extensions to support GFM footnotes.
Contents
- What is this?
- When to use this
- Install
- Use
- API
- Bugs
- Authoring
- HTML
- CSS
- Syntax
- Types
- Compatibility
- Security
- Related
- Contribute
- License
What is this?
This package contains extensions that add support for footnotes as enabled by
GFM to micromark
.
GitHub announced footnotes on September 30, 2021 but did not specify them in their GFM spec. As they are implemented in their parser and supported in all places where other GFM features work, they can be considered part of GFM. GitHub employs several other features (such as mentions or frontmatter) that are either not in their parser, or not in all places where GFM features work, which should not be considered GFM.
The implementation of footnotes on github.com is currently buggy.
The bugs have been reported on cmark-gfm
.
This micromark extension matches github.com except for its bugs.
When to use this
This project is useful when you want to support footnotes in markdown.
You can use these extensions when you are working with micromark
.
To support all GFM features, use
micromark-extension-gfm
instead.
When you need a syntax tree, combine this package with
mdast-util-gfm-footnote
.
All these packages are used in remark-gfm
, which focusses on
making it easier to transform content by abstracting these internals away.
Install
This package is ESM only. In Node.js (version 16+), install with npm:
npm install micromark-extension-gfm-footnote
In Deno with esm.sh
:
import {gfmFootnote, gfmFootnoteHtml} from 'https://esm.sh/micromark-extension-gfm-footnote@2'
In browsers with esm.sh
:
<script type="module">
import {gfmFootnote, gfmFootnoteHtml} from 'https://esm.sh/micromark-extension-gfm-footnote@2?bundle'
</script>
Use
Say our document example.md
contains:
Using footnotes is fun![^1] They let you reference relevant information without disrupting the flow of what you’re trying to say.[^bignote]
[^1]: This is the first footnote.
[^bignote]: Here’s one with multiple paragraphs and code.
Indent paragraphs to include them in the footnote.
```
my code
```
Add as many paragraphs as you like.
Text here and here and here.
[Learn more about markdown and footnotes in markdown](https://docs.github.com/en/github/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax#footnotes)
…and our module example.js
looks as follows:
import fs from 'node:fs/promises'
import {micromark} from 'micromark'
import {gfmFootnote, gfmFootnoteHtml} from 'micromark-extension-gfm-footnote'
const output = micromark(await fs.readFile('example.md'), {
extensions: [gfmFootnote()],
htmlExtensions: [gfmFootnoteHtml()]
})
console.log(output)
…now running node example.js
yields:
<p>Using footnotes is fun!<sup><a href="#user-content-fn-1" id="user-content-fnref-1" data-footnote-ref="" aria-describedby="footnote-label">1</a></sup> They let you reference relevant information without disrupting the flow of what you’re trying to say.<sup><a href="#user-content-fn-bignote" id="user-content-fnref-bignote" data-footnote-ref="" aria-describedby="footnote-label">2</a></sup></p>
<p>Text here and here and here.
<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/github/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax#footnotes">Learn more about markdown and footnotes in markdown</a></p>
<section data-footnotes="" class="footnotes"><h2 id="footnote-label" class="sr-only">Footnotes</h2>
<ol>
<li id="user-content-fn-1">
<p>This is the first footnote. <a href="#user-content-fnref-1" data-footnote-backref="" class="data-footnote-backref" aria-label="Back to content">↩</a></p>
</li>
<li id="user-content-fn-bignote">
<p>Here’s one with multiple paragraphs and code.</p>
<p>Indent paragraphs to include them in the footnote.</p>
<pre><code>my code
</code></pre>
<p>Add as many paragraphs as you like. <a href="#user-content-fnref-bignote" data-footnote-backref="" class="data-footnote-backref" aria-label="Back to content">↩</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
API
This package exports the identifiers
defaultBackLabel
,
gfmFootnote
, and
gfmFootnoteHtml
.
There is no default export.
The export map supports the development
condition.
Run node --conditions development module.js
to get instrumented dev code.
Without this condition, production code is loaded.
defaultBackLabel(referenceIndex, rereferenceIndex)
Generate the default label that GitHub uses on backreferences
(BackLabelTemplate
).
gfmFootnote()
Create an extension for micromark
to enable GFM footnote syntax.
Returns
Extension for micromark
that can be passed in extensions
to enable GFM
footnote syntax (Extension
).
gfmFootnoteHtml(options?)
Create an extension for micromark
to support GFM footnotes when serializing
to HTML.
Parameters
options
(HtmlOptions
, optional) — configuration
Returns
Extension for micromark
that can be passed in htmlExtensions
to support GFM
footnotes when serializing to HTML
(HtmlExtension
).
BackLabelTemplate
Generate a back label dynamically (TypeScript type).
For the following markdown:
Alpha[^micromark], bravo[^micromark], and charlie[^remark].
[^remark]: things about remark
[^micromark]: things about micromark
This function will be called with:
0
and0
for the backreference fromthings about micromark
toalpha
, as it is the first used definition, and the first call to it0
and1
for the backreference fromthings about micromark
tobravo
, as it is the first used definition, and the second call to it1
and0
for the backreference fromthings about remark
tocharlie
, as it is the second used definition
Parameters
referenceIndex
(number
) — index of the definition in the order that they are first referenced, 0-indexedrereferenceIndex
(number
) — index of calls to the same definition, 0-indexed
Returns
Back label to use when linking back from definitions to their reference
(string
).
HtmlOptions
Configuration (TypeScript type).
Fields
clobberPrefix
Prefix to use before the id
attribute on footnotes to prevent them from
clobbering (string
, default: 'user-content-'
).
Pass ''
for trusted markdown and when you are careful with polyfilling.
You could pass a different prefix.
DOM clobbering is this:
<p id="x"></p>
<script>alert(x) // `x` now refers to the `p#x` DOM element</script>
The above example shows that elements are made available by browsers, by their
ID, on the window
object.
This is a security risk because you might be expecting some other variable at
that place.
It can also break polyfills.
Using a prefix solves these problems.
label
Textual label to use for the footnotes section (string
, default:
'Footnotes'
).
Change it when the markdown is not in English.
This label is typically hidden visually (assuming a sr-only
CSS class
is defined that does that) and so affects screen readers only.
labelAttributes
Attributes to use on the footnote label (string
, default:
'class="sr-only"'
).
Change it to show the label and add other attributes.
This label is typically hidden visually (assuming an sr-only
CSS class
is defined that does that) and so affects screen readers only.
If you do have such a class, but want to show this section to everyone,
pass an empty string.
You can also add different attributes.
👉 Note:
id="footnote-label"
is always added, because footnote calls use it witharia-describedby
to provide an accessible label.
labelTagName
HTML tag name to use for the footnote label element (string
, default:
'h2'
).
Change it to match your document structure.
This label is typically hidden visually (assuming a sr-only
CSS class
is defined that does that) and so affects screen readers only.
backLabel
Textual label to describe the backreference back to footnote calls
(BackLabelTemplate
or string
,
default: defaultBackLabel
).
Change it when the markdown is not in English.
This label is used in the aria-label
attribute on each
backreference (the ↩
links).
It affects users of assistive technology.
Bugs
GitHub’s own algorithm to parse footnote definitions contains several bugs. These are not present in this project. The issues relating to footnote definitions are:
- Footnote reference call identifiers are trimmed, but definition
identifiers aren’t
— initial and final whitespace in labels causes them not to match - Footnotes are matched case-insensitive, but links keep their casing,
breaking them
— using uppercase (or any character that will be percent encoded) in identifiers breaks links - Colons in footnotes generate links w/o
href
— colons in identifiers generate broken links - Character escape of
]
does not work in footnote identifiers
— some character escapes don’t work - Footnotes in links are
broken
— whileCommonMark
prevents links in links, GitHub does not prevent footnotes (which turn into links) in links - Footnote-like brackets around image, break that
image
— images can’t be used in what looks like a footnote call - GFM footnotes: line ending in footnote definition label causes text to
disappear
— line endings in footnote definitions cause text to disappear
Authoring
When authoring markdown with footnotes it’s recommended to use words instead of numbers (or letters or anything with an order) as identifiers. That makes it easier to reuse and reorder footnotes.
It’s recommended to place footnotes definitions at the bottom of the document.
HTML
GFM footnotes do not, on their own, relate to anything in HTML. When a footnote reference matches with a definition, they each relate to several elements in HTML.
The reference relates to <sup>
and <a>
elements in HTML:
<sup><a href="#user-content-fn-x" id="user-content-fnref-x" data-footnote-ref="" aria-describedby="footnote-label">1</a></sup></p>
…where x
is the identifier used in the markdown source and 1
the number of
corresponding, listed, definition.
See § 4.5.19 The sub
and sup
elements,
§ 4.5.1 The a
element, and
§ 3.2.6.6 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-*
attributes
in the HTML spec, and
§ 6.8 aria-describedby
property
in WAI-ARIA, for more info.
When one or more definitions are referenced, a footnote section is generated at
the end of the document, using <section>
, <h2>
, and <ol>
elements:
<section data-footnotes="" class="footnotes"><h2 id="footnote-label" class="sr-only">Footnotes</h2>
<ol>…</ol>
</section>
Each definition is generated as a <li>
in the <ol>
in the order they were
first referenced:
<li id="user-content-fn-1">…</li>
Backreferences are injected at the end of the first paragraph, or, when there
is no paragraph, at the end of the definition.
When a definition is referenced multiple times, multiple backreferences are
generated.
Further backreferences use an extra counter in the href
attribute and
visually in a <span>
after ↩
.
<a href="#user-content-fnref-1" data-footnote-backref="" class="data-footnote-backref" aria-label="Back to content">↩</a> <a href="#user-content-fnref-1-2" data-footnote-backref="" class="data-footnote-backref" aria-label="Back to content">↩<sup>2</sup></a>
See
§ 4.5.1 The a
element,
§ 4.3.6 The h1
, h2
, h3
, h4
, h5
, and h6
elements,
§ 4.4.8 The li
element,
§ 4.4.5 The ol
element,
§ 4.4.1 The p
element,
§ 4.3.3 The section
element, and
§ 4.5.19 The sub
and sup
elements
in the HTML spec, and
§ 6.8 aria-label
property
in WAI-ARIA, for more info.
CSS
The following CSS is needed to make footnotes look a bit like GitHub (and fixes
a bug).
For the complete actual CSS see
sindresorhus/github-markdown-css
.
/* Style the footnotes section. */
.footnotes {
font-size: smaller;
color: #8b949e;
border-top: 1px solid #30363d;
}
/* Hide the section label for visual users. */
.sr-only {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
word-wrap: normal;
border: 0;
}
/* Place `[` and `]` around footnote references. */
[data-footnote-ref]::before {
content: '[';
}
[data-footnote-ref]::after {
content: ']';
}
Syntax
Footnotes form with, roughly, the following BNF:
gfm_footnote_reference ::= gfm_footnote_label
gfm_footnote_definition_start ::= gfm_footnote_label ':' *space_or_tab
; Restriction: blank line allowed.
gfm_footnote_definition_cont ::= 4(space_or_tab)
; Restriction: maximum `999` codes between `^` and `]`.
gfm_footnote_label ::= '[' '^' 1*(gfm_footnote_label_byte | gfm_footnote_label_escape) ']'
gfm_footnote_label_byte ::= text - '[' - '\\' - ']'
gfm_footnote_label_escape ::= '\\' ['[' | '\\' | ']']
; Any byte (u8)
byte ::= 0x00..=0xFFFF
space_or_tab ::= '\t' | ' '
eol ::= '\n' | '\r' | '\r\n'
line ::= byte - eol
text ::= line - space_or_tab
Further lines after gfm_footnote_definition_start
that are not prefixed with
gfm_footnote_definition_cont
cause the footnote definition to be exited,
except when those lines are lazy continuation or blank.
Like so many things in markdown, footnote definition too are complex.
See § Phase 1: block structure in CommonMark
for more
on parsing details.
The identifiers in the label
parts are interpreted as the
string content type.
That means that character escapes and character references are allowed.
Definitions match to references through identifiers.
To match, both labels must be equal after normalizing with
normalizeIdentifier
.
One definition can match to multiple calls.
Multiple definitions with the same, normalized, identifier are ignored: the
first definition is preferred.
To illustrate, the definition with the content of x
wins:
[^a]: x
[^a]: y
[^a]
Importantly, while labels can include string content (character escapes and character references), these are not considered when matching. To illustrate, neither definition matches the reference:
[^a&b]: x
[^a\&b]: y
[^a&b]
Because footnote definitions are containers (like block quotes and list items), they can contain more footnote definitions. They can even include references to themselves.
Types
This package is fully typed with TypeScript.
It exports the additional types BackLabelTemplate
and HtmlOptions
.
Compatibility
Projects maintained by the unified collective are compatible with maintained versions of Node.js.
When we cut a new major release, we drop support for unmaintained versions of
Node.
This means we try to keep the current release line,
micromark-extension-gfm-footnote@^2
, compatible with Node.js 16.
This package works with micromark
version 3
and later.
Security
This package is safe.
Setting clobberPrefix = ''
is dangerous, it opens you up to DOM clobbering.
The labelTagName
and labelAttributes
options are unsafe when used with user
content, they allow defining arbitrary HTML.
Related
micromark-extension-gfm
— support all of GFMmdast-util-gfm-footnote
— support all of GFM in mdastmdast-util-gfm
— support all of GFM in mdastremark-gfm
— support all of GFM in remark
Contribute
See contributing.md
in micromark/.github
for ways to get
started.
See support.md
for ways to get help.
This project has a code of conduct. By interacting with this repository, organization, or community you agree to abide by its terms.