ZeroText

Zero-allocation text layout engine for the web. Sub-microsecond cached layouts, 5KB core.

Why ZeroText?

Canvas-based text layout allocates on every frame. DOM-based layout triggers reflow. ZeroText does neither.

• Zero allocation -- arena pooling and pre-allocated typed arrays eliminate GC pauses entirely
• O(1) glyph lookup -- perfect hash table with ASCII fast path (codepoints 0-127 cached without hashing)
• O(log n) line breaking -- prefix-sum binary search over a DFA-driven break table (UAX#14)
• Sub-microsecond hot path -- LRU cache keyed by numeric FNV-1a hashes (no string allocation on lookup)
• WASM SIMD + WebGPU -- optional acceleration paths for batch workloads

Benchmarks

| Metric | Target | Actual | |---|---|---| | Bundle size | <8 KB | ~5-6 KB | | Initial layout (cold) | <8 us | 5.6 us | | Hot layout (cached) | <1 us | 0.1 us (100 ns) | | GC pauses | 0 | 0 |

Run locally: npx tsx benchmarks/features.ts

Features

| # | Feature | Status | Algorithm | |---|---|---|---| | 1 | Line breaking | Done | UAX#14 DFA + prefix-sum binary search | | 2 | Glyph lookup | Done | Perfect hash table, O(1) + ASCII cache | | 3 | Arena memory | Done | Pool allocator, generational buffers | | 4 | LRU cache | Done | Doubly-linked list + Map, FNV-1a keys | | 5 | Bidi/RTL | Done | UAX#9 stack-based embedding levels | | 6 | Ligatures | Done | Flat trie substitution (fi, fl, ff, ffi, ffl) | | 7 | Kerning | Done | Pair-wise FNV-1a hash table | | 8 | Hyphenation | Done | Liang algorithm + soft-hyphen insertion | | 9 | Alignment | Done | Left, center, right, justify | | 10 | Truncation | Done | End, middle, start with ellipsis | | 11 | Decoration | Done | SoA bitflags (underline, strikethrough, overline) | | 12 | Vertical writing | Done | vertical-rl, vertical-lr coordinate transform | | 13 | Hit testing | Done | Binary search over lines and spans |

Installation

npm install @zerotext/core

Usage

Basic layout

import { createEngine } from "@zerotext/core";
import type { GlyphEntry } from "@zerotext/core";

const glyphs: GlyphEntry[] = [
  { codepoint: 72, width: 8 },  // H
  { codepoint: 101, width: 6 }, // e
  { codepoint: 108, width: 3 }, // l
  { codepoint: 111, width: 7 }, // o
  // ...
];

const engine = createEngine({});
const prepared = engine.prepare("Hello world", glyphs);
const layout = engine.update(prepared, 200); // 200px container width

console.log(layout.lines.length, layout.height);

Full pipeline (bidi + ligatures + alignment)

import { createEngine, createGlyphTable } from "@zerotext/core";

const engine = createEngine({
  enableBidi: true,
  enableLigatures: true,
  enableHyphenation: true,
  textAlign: 1,      // Center
  writingMode: 0,    // Horizontal
  truncate: 0,       // None
  maxLines: 0,       // Unlimited
});

const glyphTable = createGlyphTable(glyphs);
const text = new Uint32Array([/* codepoints */]);

const result = engine.layoutFull({
  glyphTable,
  text,
  width: 300,
  lineHeight: 20,
});

Hit testing

const caret = engine.hitTest(mouseX, mouseY, layout);
console.log(caret.offset, caret.lineIndex);

const rects = engine.getSelectionRects(
  { start: 0, end: 10 },
  layout,
);

React hook

import { ZeroTextProvider, useZeroText } from "@zerotext/react";
import type { GlyphEntry } from "@zerotext/core";

function App() {
  return (
    <ZeroTextProvider config={{ enableLigatures: true }}>
      <TextBlock text="Hello world" />
    </ZeroTextProvider>
  );
}

function TextBlock({ text }: { text: string }) {
  const glyphs: GlyphEntry[] = [/* glyph entries */];
  const { ref, layout, isReady } = useZeroText(text, {
    glyphEntries: glyphs,
    lineHeight: 20,
  });

  return <div ref={ref}>{isReady && <span>{layout!.lines.length} lines</span>}</div>;
}

Packages

| Package | Description | |---|---| | @zerotext/core | Layout engine, arena, cache, all text features | | @zerotext/compiler | Ahead-of-time font subset + ZTB binary format | | @zerotext/flow | Text wrapping around obstacles | | @zerotext/react | React bindings (useZeroText, ZeroTextProvider) | | @zerotext/vue | Vue composable | | @zerotext/svelte | Svelte action | | @zerotext/wasm | WASM SIMD acceleration (Rust) | | @zerotext/webgpu | WebGPU compute shader batch layout |

Build plugins: @zerotext/vite, @zerotext/webpack, @zerotext/rollup

Architecture

Text input
  |
  v
Arena (pre-allocated typed arrays, zero GC)
  |
  v
PrefixSum (cumulative glyph widths)
  |
  v
DFA (UAX#14 line break classification)
  |
  v
BinarySearch (O(log n) break point selection)
  |
  v
Cache (LRU, FNV-1a numeric keys, O(1) hot path)
  |
  v
LayoutResult (lines, spans, positions)

Optional pipeline stages (bidi, ligatures, hyphenation, alignment, truncation, decoration, vertical transform) are applied in engine.layoutFull().

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md for setup, testing, and coding guidelines.

License

Apache-2.0. See LICENSE.